Italy

Public university tuition is income-based (ISEE) at €900–4,000/year, plus a regional tax of €140–200/year; polytechnics and private schools cost €4,000–20,000/year and fashion/design academies are higher and vary; proof of funds for the visa is ~€6,900/year; estimated cost of living is ~€900/month, with students typically needing €800–1,000/month.

English-taught bachelor's courses require IELTS 6.0–6.5 or TOEFL, while Italian-taught programmes require Italian B1–B2; entrance tests apply for some programmes such as design and medicine; master's programmes require IELTS 6.5 or TOEFL (GRE/GMAT for some), Italian proficiency for Italian-taught master's, and a portfolio for design and architecture.

Applicants complete Universitaly pre-enrolment online, secure an admission letter, and show proof of funds of around €6,900 for the year before submitting a national (Type D) long-stay student visa application via VFS; on arrival they must arrange health insurance/register with the national health service and apply for a permesso di soggiorno within 8 days of arrival.

Graduates can access a 12-month job-search permit to look for work or start a business, with the option to convert the student permit to a work permit once employed; students may work up to 20 hours a week (around 1,040 hours a year) alongside studies.